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Erikson's 8 Stages of Development

Page history last edited by Jerry Carley 14 years, 9 months ago
Stages Conflict to Be Resolved: Examples:

Oral-Sensory

(Birth to 1 Year)

Trust

  vs

Mistrust

 Babies learn to trust <OR> to mistrust that others will care for their basic needs, including nourishment, sucking, warmth, cleanliness, and physical contact.

Musculo-Anal

(1-3 Years)

Autonomy

   vs

Shame & Doubt

 Children learn to either be self-sufficient in many activities, including toileting, feeding. walking, and talking  <OR> to doubt their own abilities.

Locomotor-Genital

(3-5 Years)

Initiative

   vs

Guilt

 Children want to undertake many adultlike activities, sometimes overstepping the limits set by parents--causing guilt.

Latency

(6 -11 Years)

Industry

   vs

Inferiority

 Children busily learn to be competent and productive <OR>  feel inferior and unable to do anything well.

Adolescence

(12-18 Years)

Identity

   vs

Role Confusion

 Adolescents try to figure out "Who am I?"  They establish sexual, ethnic, and career identiies   <OR>  are confused about what future roles to play.

Young Adulthood

(19-35 Years)

Intimacy

   vs

Isolation

 Young adults seek companionship and love with another person, <OR> become isolated from others.

Adulthood

(19-35 Years)

Generativity

   vs

Stagnation

 Middle aged adults are productive, performing meaningful work, and raising a family <OR> become stagnant and inactive.

Maturity

(50+ Years)

Integrity

   vs

Despair

 Older adults try to make sense out of their lives, either seeing life as a meaningful whole  <OR> despairing at goals never reached and questions never answered.

 

 

Nursing Care: Growth and Development

 

          Critical Concepts

 

Growth: Quantitative aspects; e.g. Height

Development: Qualitative aspects; e.g. Social behavior/skills

Maturation:

Integrated process: Combines quantitative & qualitative aspects

Critical Periods:

Necessary Factors: Sensory stimulation, timing, & readiness

 

General Principles

Orderly sequence & direction

Complex, predictable patterns

Unique to individuals

Periods of conflict & adaptation with tasks, change, & challenge

Influenced by heredity, temperament, and environment

Theories: Erikson (Psychosocial)

Goal: Self-actualization

 

Life Span Considerations

Developmental perspective is organized and systematic

Developmental assessment/needs are critical to plan of care

Nurse must understand normal growth and development

Nurse assesses cognitive development, physical growth, and psychosocial development

 

 

Erikson's Developmental Stages

 

Infancy: First year of life

Erikson:           Trust vs Mistrust

Rapid, steady physical growth: length, weight, head circumference, nutrition, reflexive to purposeful behavior

Caregiver-child bonding based on personal interactions

Environment provides sensory stimulation for learning

 

Toddler: 1-3 years

Erikson:           Autonomy vs Shame & Doubt

Psychomotor skills: Gross to fine

Egocentric, no right/wrong

Wants independence but fears separation

Health Concerns: Accidents (ingestion of poison, drowning), ear and upper respiratory infections

 

Preschooler: 3-6 years

Erikson:            Initiative vs Guilt

lower physical growth with increased muscle coordination

Concrete thinking: Ask "why?"

Fear bodily harm

Pretend play: Parallel to cooperative

Health Concerns: Accidents, speech disorders

 

School-age: 6-11 years

Erikson:           Industry vs Inferiority

Fine tuning of body systems

Intense cognitive development

Moving toward abstract thinking

Developing problem solving: "What if?"

Independence: same sex peers

Developing moral code: Right/Wrong

Health Concerns: Accidents, learning disabilities, infectious disease, cancer

 

Adolescence: 13 - 21 years

Erikson:            Identity vs Role Confusion

Sexual maturation: Primary and secondary sex characteristics

Logical decision-making

Internalized moral code

Need close peer relationships

Health Concerns: Accidents, substance abuse, pregnancy, STDs, eating disorders

 

Young Adult: Late teens - mid 30s

Erikson:             Intimacy vs Isolation

Physical growth completed

Focus on personal & social tasks: career choice, social and intimate relationships, self-concept, adult relationship with family

Health Concerns: Accidents, violence, STDs, job & family stress, unhealthy lifestyle practices (ETOH, smoking).

Need to learn & practice SBE, TSE

 

Middle Adult: 35 - 65 years

Erikson:             Generativity vs Stagnation

Changes in physical state: Menopause, andropause

Focus on family, work, aging parents (Sandwich Generation)

Health Concerns: Health screening (mammograms, PSA), stress reduction, healthy lifestyle strategies, adjustment to life transitions

 

Older Adult: 65 and older

        "Old-old" and "Frail-old": 75 and older

         "Elite-old": 85 and older

Erikson:              Ego integrity vs Despair

Ageism: a concern for nurses

Aging is a normal, healthy process that begins at birth

System-wide physical changes

Cognitive changes due to illness not aging

Numerous lifestyle changes

Goals: 

Remain independent, accept aging, transitions, and loss.

Strategies:

Reminiscence/life review (Storytelling)

Exercise, nutrition, sensory stimulation

Health Concerns: Chronic illness, medications, depression, ETOH abuse, elder abuse

 

 

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